MAS 2025 Landscape Survey

The State of Multi-Agent Systems

A comprehensive analysis of the Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) landscape in 2025, identifying the critical 'Coordination Gap' that exists between transport protocols (MCP) and orchestration frameworks (LangGraph). We survey 15 distinct failure patterns observed in large-scale agent deployments and map them to musical analogues.

Survey Scope

The 2025 MAS Landscape

Transport (Layer 0-1): The rise of MCP as the standard for tool connectivity
Orchestration (Layer 2): LangGraph and CrewAI dominance for DAG execution
The Gap (Layer 3-5): Missing semantics for quality, timing, and intent coordination

15 Coordination Failure Patterns

Category	Examples	Musical Analogue
Timing	Stuck Fermata, Rushing	Rhythm issues
Coherence	Harmonic Clash, Dissonance	Tuning issues
Dynamics	Runaway Dynamic, Ghost Notes	Volume issues

Framework Comparison

How HCT serves as a "Layer 2+" protocol that enhances rather than replaces LangGraph, CrewAI, and AutoGen.

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Citation

@misc{wiest2025massurvey,
  title = {Multi-Agent Systems 2025: A Survey of the Coordination Gap},
  author = {Wiest, Stefan},
  year = {2025},
  howpublished = {\url{https://stefanwiest.de/research/papers/multi-agent-systems-survey-2025/}},
  note = {Research Preview}
}